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05750 5750 Tense - Present See 5774 Voice - No Voice Stated See 5799 Mood - Infinitive See 5795 Count - 135 05751 5751 Tense - Present See 5774 Voice - No Voice Stated See 5799 Mood - Optative See 5793 Count - 12 05752 5752 Tense - Present See 5774 Voice - No Voice Stated See 5799 Mood - Participle See 5796 Count - 186 05753 5753 Tense - Present See 5774 Voice - No Voice Stated See 5799 Mood - Subjunctive See 5792 Count - 68 05754 5754 Tense - Second Perfect See 5782 Voice - Active See 5784 Mood - Indicative See 5791 Count - 97 05755 5755 Tense - Second Perfect See 5782 Voice - Active See 5784 Mood - Infinitive See 5795 Count - 8 05756 5756 Tense - Second Perfect See 5782 Voice - Active See 5784 Mood - Participle See 5796 Count - 43 05757 5757 Tense - Second Perfect See 5782 Voice - Passive See 5786 Mood - Participle See 5796 Count - 1 05758 5758 Tense - Perfect See 5778 Voice - Active See 5784 Mood - Indicative See 5791 Count - 516 05759 5759 Tense - Perfect See 5778 Voice - Active See 5784 Mood - Imperative See 5794 Count - 1 05760 5760 Tense - Perfect See 5778 Voice - Active See 5784 Mood - Infinitive See 5795 Count - 30 05761 5761 Tense - Perfect See 5778 Voice - Active See 5784 Mood - Participle See 5796 Count - 193 05762 5762 Tense - Perfect See 5778 Voice - Active See 5784 Mood - Subjunctive See 5792 Count - 10 05763 5763 Tense - Perfect See 5778 Voice - Middle Deponent See 5788 Mood - Indicative See 5791 Count - 1 05764 5764 Tense - Perfect See 5778 Voice - Middle See 5785 Mood - Indicative See 5791 Count - 1 05765 5765 Tense - Perfect See 5778 Voice - Middle See 5785 Mood - Participle See 5796 Count - 5 05766 5766 Tense - Perfect See 5778 Voice - Middle or Passive Deponent See 5790 Mood - Indicative See 5791 Count - 19 05767 5767 Tense - Perfect See 5778 Voice - Middle or Passive Deponent See 5790 Mood - Infinitive See 5795 Count - 0 05768 5768 Tense - Perfect See 5778 Voice - Middle or Passive Deponent See 5790 Mood - Participle See 5796 Count - 4 05769 5769 Tense - Perfect See 5778 Voice - Passive See 5786 Mood - Indicative See 5791 Count - 215 05770 5770 Tense - Perfect See 5778 Voice - Passive See 5786 Mood - Imperative See 5794 Count - 3 05771 5771 Tense - Perfect See 5778 Voice - Passive See 5786 Mood - Infinitive See 5795 Count - 9 05772 5772 Tense - Perfect See 5778 Voice - Passive See 5786 Mood - Participle See 5796 Count - 463 05773 5773 Tense - No Tense Stated See 5799 Voice - No Voice Stated See 5799 Mood - Imperative See 5794 Count - 22 05774 5774 Tense - Present The present tense represents a simple statement of fact or reality viewed as occurring in actual time. In most cases this corresponds directly with the English present tense. Some phrases which might be rendered as past tense in English will often occur in the present tense in Greek. These are termed "historical presents," and such occurrences dramatize the event described as if the reader were there watching the event occur. Some English translations render such historical presents in the English past tense, while others permit the tense to remain in the present. 05775 5775 Tense - Imperfect The imperfect tense generally represents continual or repeated action. Where the present tense might indicate "they are asking," the imperfect would indicate "they kept on asking." In the case of the verb "to be," however, the imperfect tense is used as a general past tense and does not carry the connotation of continual or repeated action. 05776 5776 Tense - Future The future tense corresponds to the English future, and indicates the contemplated or certain occurrence of an event which has not yet occurred. 05777 5777 Tense - Aorist The aorist tense is characterized by its emphasis on punctiliar action; that is, the concept of the verb is considered without regard for past, present, or future time. There is no direct or clear English equivalent for this tense, though it is generally rendered as a simple past tense in most translations. The events described by the aorist tense are classified into a number of categories by grammarians. The most common of these include a view of the action as having begun from a certain point ("inceptive aorist"), or having ended at a certain point ("cumulative aorist"), or merely existing at a certain point ("punctiliar aorist"). The categorization of other cases can be found in Greek reference grammars. The English reader need not concern himself with most of these finer points concerning the aorist tense, since in most cases they cannot be rendered accurately in English translation, being fine points of Greek exegesis only. The common practice of rendering an aorist by a simple English past tense should suffice in most cases. 05778 5778 Tense - Perfect The perfect tense in Greek corresponds to the perfect tense in English, and describes an action which is viewed as having been completed in the past, once and for all, not needing to be repeated. Jesus' last cry from the cross, TETELESTAI ("It is finished!") is a good example of the perfect tense used in this sense, namely "It [the atonement] has been accomplished, completely, once and for all time." Certain antiquated verb forms in Greek, such as those related to seeing (eidw) or knowing (oida) will use the perfect tense in a manner equivalent to the normal past tense. These few cases are exception to the normal rule and do not alter the normal connotation of the perfect tense stated above. 05779 5779 Tense - Pluperfect The pluperfect tense in Greek occurs rarely. It corresponds in a single Greek word to the sense of the English pluperfect, which indicates an event viewed as having been once and for all accomplished in past time. In contrast, the perfect tense reflects the final completion of an action at the present moment described. In translation the Greek pluperfect may not always follow the rendering of the English pluperfect, due to excessive wordiness. The English pluperfect is normally formed with the past tense of the "helping" verbs "to have" or "to be," plus the past participle, e.g., "He had finished." The English perfect is formed by the present tense of the helping verb plus the past participle, e.g., "He has finished." 05780 5780 Tense - Second Aorist The "second aorist" tense is identical in meaning and translation to the normal or "first" aorist tense. The only difference is in the form of spelling the words in Greek, and there is no effect upon English translation. See "Aorist" # 5777 05781 5781 Tense - Second Future The "second future" is identical in meaning to that of the normal or "first" future tense. The classification merely reflects a spelling variation in Greek of the "first future" tense, and has no effect on English meaning beyond that of the normal future. See "Future" # 5776 05782 5782 Tense - Second Perfect The second perfect is identical in meaning to that of the normal or "first" perfect tense, and has no additional effect on English translation. The classification merely represents a spelling variation in Greek. See "Perfect" # 5778 05783 5783 Tense - Second Pluperfect The second pluperfect is identical in meaning to that of the normal or "first" pluperfect tense. It has no additional meaning or effect on English translation, and merely reflects a spelling variation in Greek. 05784 5784 Voice - Active The active voice represents the subject as the doer or performer of the action. e.g., in the sentence, "The boy hit the ball," the boy performs the action. 05785 5785 Voice - Middle The middle voice indicates the subject performing an action upon himself (reflexive action) or for his own benefit. E.g., "The boy groomed himself." Many verbs which occur only in middle voice forms are translated in English as having an active sense; these are called "deponent" verbs, and do not comply with the normal requirements for the middle voice. 05786 5786 Voice - Passive The passive voice represents the subject as being the recipient of the action. E.g., in the sentence, "The boy was hit by the ball," the boy receives the action. 05787 5787 Voice - Either Middle or Passive Many of the so-called "deponent" verbs can have either a middle or passive form. These are normally translated as having an active voice, since they have no active form in their outward spelling. At times, however, they retain their middle or passive significance. 05788 5788 Voice - Middle Deponent The middle deponent forms in almost all cases are translated as being in the active voice. See "Active" # 5784 05789 5789 Voice - Passive Deponent The passive deponent forms in almost all cases are translated as being in the passive voice. See "Passive" # 5786 05790 5790 Voice - Middle or Passive Deponent The middle or passive deponent forms in almost all cases are translated as being in the active voice. See "Active" # 5784 05791 5791 Mood - Indicative The indicative mood is a simple statement of fact. If an action really occurs or has occurred or will occur, it will be rendered in the indicative mood. 05792 5792 Mood - Subjunctive The subjunctive mood is the mood of possibility and potentiality. The action described may or may not occur, depending upon circumstances. Conditional sentences of the third class ("ean" + the subjunctive) are all of this type, as well as many commands following conditional purpose clauses, such as those beginning with "hina." 05793 5793 Mood - Optative The optative mood is generally used in the so-called "fourth-class" conditions which express a wish or desire for an action to occur in which the completion of such is doubtful. By the time of the New Testament, the optative mood was beginning to disappear from spoken and written Greek, and such rarely occurs in the New Testament. In a few cases, verbs in the optative mood stand apart from a conditional clause to express the strongest possible wish regarding an event. The most common of these appears in the phrase "mh genoito" (AV,"God forbid"; NKJV "Certainly not"). 05794 5794 Mood - Imperative The imperative mood corresponds to the English imperative, and expresses a command to the hearer to perform a certain action by the order and authority of the one commanding. Thus, Jesus' phrase, "Repent ye, and believe the gospel" (Mk.1:15) is not at all an "invitation," but an absolute command requiring full obedience on the part of all hearers. 05795 5795 Mood - Infinitive The Greek infinitive mood in most cases corresponds to the English infinitive, which is basically the verb with "to" prefixed, as "to believe." Like the English infinitive, the Greek infinitive can be used like a noun phrase ("It is better to live than to die"), as well as to reflect purpose or result ("This was done to fulfil what the prophet said"). 05796 5796 Mood - Participle The Greek participle corresponds for the most part to the English participle, reflecting "-ing" or "-ed" being suffixed to the basic verb form. The participle can be used either like a verb or a noun, as in English, and thus is often termed a "verbal noun." 05797 5797 Mood - Impersonal The impersonal mood is used only in a few verb forms which do not conjugate in the full sense. The most common of these is the Greek word "dei," which is most often rendered "it is necessary" or "one must." 05798 5798 Mood - Imperative-Sense Participle This reflects a Greek participle which implies that a command to perform the action is implicit, even though it is not outwardly or directly expressed. 05799 5799 No Tense or Voice Stated In a number of places certain verbs are cited in Perschbacher's "The New Analytical Greek Lexicon" which do not have any tense or voice directly stated. In almost all of these cases, one can assume that the tense is Present and the voice is Active, especially when the sense is that of a command (Imperative). See "Present" # 5774 See "Active" # 5784